Katika somo hili utakwend akujifunza maana ya object, na sheria za kuandika object.
Katika Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), object ni kielelezo (kitu) halisi (instance) cha class. Kila object ina state (hali), behavior (tabia), na identity (utambulisho).
State:
Inawakilishwa na attributes za object.
Inaonyesha property au tabia za object, kama vile jina, rangi, au umri.
Behavior:
Inawakilishwa na methods za object.
Inaonyesha jinsi object inavyoshughulikia data au kuingiliana na objects nyingine.
Identity:
Ni utambulisho wa kipekee wa object, unaomwezesha object mmoja kuingiliana na nyingine. Python hutumia id() function kutambua identity ya object. Id inaweza kuwa ni jina la hiyo object.
Fikiria class Dog:
class Dog:
def __init__(self, breed, age):
self.breed = breed # State (attribute)
self.age = age # State (attribute)
def bark(self):
print("Woof! Woof!") # Behavior (method)
Katika huo mfano hapo tunaona kuwa class ni dog, attributes za class ni breed na age, method ni bark. Kwa mfano halisi nikuwa mbwa ana sifa z akuwa na rangi na aina pia anakuwa na tabia ya kubweka.
Kuunda object:
Unapounda object maana yake unaunda kitu halisi kutoka kwenye hiyo class. Kwanza utataja id ya hiyo object. Ama jinala hiyo object, ikifatiwa na alama ya (=) kisha utaweka jina la class ikifatiwa na mabano, ndani yake utaweka value za attribute kwa mpangilio uleule wa kwenye class mfano my_dog = Dog("Labrador", 3) . Ili kuhususha object na method tutatumia dot mfan my_dog.bark()
my_dog = Dog("Labrador", 3)
State: breed ni "Labrador", na age ni 3.
Behavior: Unapoitisha my_dog.bark(), itachapisha: "Woof! Woof!"
Mfano kamili:
class Dog:
def __init__(self, breed, age):
self.breed = breed # State (attribute)
self.age = age # State (attribute)
def bark(self):
print("Woof! Woof!") # Behavior (method)
my_dog = Dog("Labrador", 3)
my_dog.bark()
Objects hutumika kufikia attributes na methods za class:
class Dog:
def __init__(self, breed, age):
self.breed = breed # State (attribute)
self.age = age # State (attribute)
def bark(self):
print("Woof! Woof!") # Behavior (method)
my_dog = Dog("Labrador", 3)
print(f"My dog is a {my_dog.breed} and is {my_dog.age} years old.") # Kufikia attributes
my_dog.bark() # Kufikia method
Hakuna kikomo juu ya class kuwa inaweza kubeba object ngapi. Ikumbukwe kuwa class ni blue print hvyo itatumia kutengeneza object bila kikomo. Yenyewe ndio inaweka sheria kuwa hizo object ziwe namna gani
Mfano:
class Student:
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age
def introduce(self):
return f"My name is {self.name}, and I am {self.age} years old."
student1 = Student('Musa', 14)
student2 = Student('Rehema', 12)
student3 = Student('Upendo', 14)
student4 = Student('Daudi', 10)
print(student1.introduce())
print(student2.introduce())
print(student4.introduce())
print(student3.introduce())
Object kwenye array
Tofauti na kutengeneza object kwa mtindo huo wa kutofautisha, unaweza kutumia array ili kurahisisha kazi. Kisha object ikapata id yake kutoka kwneye array index.
Mfano
students = [
Student('Musa', 14),
Student('Rehema', 12),
Student('Upendo', 14),
Student('Daudi', 10)
]
Kwa mfano kama huo kila member katika hiyo array anaweza kuitw akivyake. Nakuletea mifano miwili hapo chini ambayo inaweza kukusaidia kuelewa zaidi
class Student:
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age
def introduce(self):
return f"My name is {self.name}, and I am {self.age} years old."
# Creating Student objects
students = [
Student('Musa', 14),
Student('Rehema', 12),
Student('Upendo', 14),
Student('Daudi', 10)
]
# Using a loop to print introductions
for student in students:
print(student.introduce())
Mfano huo hapo juu nimetumia njia ya loop. Hata hivyo unaweza kutumia njia ya indexing kupata output kama hiyo.
Mfano:
class Student:
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age
def introduce(self):
return f"My name is {self.name}, and I am {self.age} years old."
# Creating Student objects
students = [
Student('Musa', 14),
Student('Rehema', 12),
Student('Upendo', 14),
Student('Daudi', 10)
]
print(students[1].introduce())
Kila kitu katika Python ni object, ikijumuisha integers, strings, lists, na hata functions.
Kwa mfano:x = 10 # x ni object ya integer
print(type(x)) # <class 'int'>
Katika OOP, objects huchukua nafasi muhimu kwa sababu ndizo hufanikisha utekelezaji wa class. Zinaweza kubadilishwa, kufuatiliwa, na kufanikisha mwingiliano kati ya sehemu mbalimbali za programu.
Jiunge nasi WhatsApp kupata update zetu
Umeionaje Makala hii.. ?
Katika somo hili tunakwenda kujifunza matumizi ya break na continue kwenye loop
Soma Zaidi...Katika somo hili utakwend akujifunz amaana ya module, kazi zake, aina zake na jinsi ya kuandika modile
Soma Zaidi...Katika somo hili utakwend akujifunza jinsi ya kuandika function, kuweka parameter na kuitumia function
Soma Zaidi...Katika somo hili utakwend akujifunza aina mbalimbali za function ambazo tunaweza kuzitumia kwenye python.
Soma Zaidi...Katika somo hili utakwend akujifunz akuhusu nadharia ya data abstraction na kazi zake kwenye OOP
Soma Zaidi...Katika somo hili utajifunza maana ya polymorphism na sheria za uandishi wake
Soma Zaidi...Katika somo hili utakwenda kujifunza kuhsu Template Tag nini na kazi zake. Pia utajifunza sheria za uandishi wake.
Soma Zaidi...Katika somo hili utakwend akujifunza ktengeneza model kwa ajili ya database table ya menu yetu.
Soma Zaidi...Katika somo hili utakwenda kujfnza kuhusu string method nyinginezo. Katika somo lililopita tulijifunza kuhusu string indexing.
Soma Zaidi...Somo hili linazungumzia hatua ya kuunda navigation menu na kutumia template inheritance kwa njia ya kitaalamu katika Django.
Soma Zaidi...