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Python somo la 30: Data abstraction

Katika somo hili utakwend akujifunz akuhusu nadharia ya data abstraction na kazi zake kwenye OOP

Data Abstraction in Python

Data Abstraction ni mchakato wa kuficha maelezo ya utekelezaji wa data huku ukitoa interface rahisi kwa mtumiaji. Hii inaruhusu kuangazia kile ambacho object inafanya badala ya jinsi inavyofanya kazi.

 


 

Jinsi Data Abstraction Inavyofanya Kazi:

Vipengele Muhimu vya Data Abstraction:

  1. Abstract Class:

  2. Abstract Method:

  3. Module abc:

 


 

 

Hatua za Kutengeneza Abstract Class na Abstract Methods

Kabla ya kuziona hatuwa hizo kwanz anakuletea mfano ambao tutakwenda kuufanyia kazi

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

 

# Abstract Class

class Shape(ABC):

    @abstractmethod

    def area(self):

        pass

 

    @abstractmethod

    def perimeter(self):

        pass

 

# Concrete Class

class Rectangle(Shape):

    def __init__(self, length, width):

        self.length = length

        self.width = width

 

    def area(self):

        return self.length * self.width

 

    def perimeter(self):

        return 2 * (self.length + self.width)

 

# Object creation

rect = Rectangle(5, 3)

print(f"Area: {rect.area()}")        # Output: Area: 15

print(f"Perimeter: {rect.perimeter()}")  # Output: Perimeter: 16



Hatua ya 1: Ku-import ABC na abstractmethod

Python hutumia moduli ya abc:
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod


Hatua ya 2: Kutengeneza Abstract Class

Mfano:
class Shape(ABC):

    @abstractmethod

    def area(self):

        pass

 

    @abstractmethod

    def perimeter(self):

        pass

 

Katika code hizo tunapata kuwa:

  1. Shape ni abstract class.

  2. area na perimeter ni abstract methods (hazina utekelezaji).


 

Hatua ya 3: Kutengeneza Child Class na Kutekeleza Abstract Methods

 

Mfano:
class Rectangle(Shape):

    def __init__(self, length, width):

        self.length = length

        self.width = width

 

    def area(self):

        return self.length * self.width

 

    def perimeter(self):

        return 2 * (self.length + self.width)

 

Katika code hizo tunapata kuwa:

  1. Rectangle inatekeleza abstract methods area na perimeter.

  2. Pia, inachukua constructor (__init__) ili kuweka thamani za length na width.


 

Hatua ya 4: Kutengeneza Object Kutoka kwa Child Class

Mfano:
rect = Rectangle(5, 3)

print(f"Area: {rect.area()}")        # Output: Area: 15

print(f"Perimeter: {rect.perimeter()}")  # Output: Perimeter: 16

 


 

Ufafanuzi wa Msimbo

  1. Shape: